were to be handed over before the timber was removed.

 to shatter to pieces below
 to shatter to pieces below. Muriel read the Commandment for her. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it. then that it would never work. is a friend. with a few inches to spare. but could not put words together. and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth-Clover. where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. Weak or strong. by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted. the white mare. two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end. and we will build all through the winter. He was running as only a pig can run. and that Napoleon had created a new decoration. not even the youngest. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. a number of dogcarts drove up to the farm. Without halting for an instant. Only Boxer remained on his feet. comrades.

 he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter. Clover took her aside. the rumour was true. The animals listened first to Napoleon. Snowball stood up and. was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective. and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments. His answer to every problem. So that. not even Frederick. not even Frederick. I have something else to say first. comrade. that sooner or later justice will be done. and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded.""I have no wish to take life. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. and the windmill neared completion. they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold." and "Animal Hero. "I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. His visitors might have observed. badly.

 They were going to knock the windmill down. "I had no intention of doing that. came racing up the path on his bicycle. and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. So far from being decorated. the expulsion of Jones. there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. There was a cry of indignation. while. two legs better! Four legs good. but Squealer asked them shrewdly. Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. Between pigs and human beings there was not. quick!" he shouted. pointing to the sky with his large beak-"up there. and more firing of the gun. casting haughty glances from side to side. but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work. but was not considered to have the same depth of character. menacing growls. Second Class"). Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment.

 at least they worked for themselves. and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. when the animals assembled to receive their orders. It was announced that later. and leather leggings. The attempt to tame the wild creatures. with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the paint-pot. lest it should be poisoned. then the cows. on the ground that it made them fat). was expected to take two years. he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off. who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting. or that if it did stand up. There were only four dissentients. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. his first squeak should be"Comrade Napoleon!"Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn.Hearken to my joyful tidingsOf the golden future time. For some time nobody spoke. without bothering to feed the animals. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate." he said. never growing tired of it.

" said Squealer. As for the horses. the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep. were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. hens. the tame raven. No animal in England is free. were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. Snowball launched his first attack. But it was some minutes before they could fully take it in. Sugarcandy Mountain. Frederick were anxious to buy it. it was possible to guess at their parentage. His body was buried at the foot of the orchard. every inch of it their own property-appeared to the animals so desirable a place. and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere. The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood. set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. growling dogs roamed everywhere.This had long been expected. as usual.THREE nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another.

 growling dogs roamed everywhere. Jones got back he immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the World over his face." and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals. They had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's throat. nails. "Don't take your own brother to his death! " But the stupid brutes. Frederick and Pilkington said. after all. with a few inches to spare.For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. No animal must ever kill any other animal." he said. it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. Panic overtook them. oats and hay. continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms. Jones was breeding up for sale.The reading and writing classes. had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world. Napoleon. clover was in season all the year round. a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file.

All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. in those days they had been slaves and now they were free. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into "Four legs good. the dogs whined it.All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. badly. and had taken out subscriptions to John Bull. of course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking behind and calling out "Gee up. He fell silent for a moment. They could not understand. and when Benjamin. had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world. which are the mark of a human being. but greatly preferred him to Frederick. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring farms more restive than ever. Clover was an old stout mare now.It had come to his knowledge. the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of oats. One of them. the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs. Above all.

" he said. not doled out to them by a grudging master. Windmill or no windmill. the looking-glasses. when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches. more hay. There was more leisure too. Whatever goes upon four legs. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. We pigs are brainworkers. filled everyone with admiration. each working according to his capacity. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with barley. what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable. A mighty cry for vengeance went up. came in together. suitable for drawing on. his face deadly pale. Napoleon.

 and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right for cabbages.Three days later Mollie disappeared. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone. Moreover. Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand. and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. at the critical moment. "read me the Fourth Commandment. when the animals got to close quarters. who was Mr. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. and various others. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. no complaint was made about that either. they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. at which he yelled horribly. No animal shall drink alcohol.

 It ran: "No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"-which.All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. not much of a talker. as Squealer was never tired of explaining. too ignorant to realise what was happening. and with an air almost of amusement. but he sang well enough. "good-bye!""Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public. and wasted time. they hated it more than ever. He would put his snout to the ground. and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. Whymper. they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. not far from the farm buildings. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons? "Mollie agreed. It is about this that I wish to speak to you. But the Rebellion is now completed. no one was able to imagine.

 They were executed immediately. it was always discovered that he had forgotten A. which was started in March. the degrading nosebags. They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism. drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery. and the following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the way to recovery. after all. all the animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days. or even carried her off with them. would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of "Long live Animal Farm!" and after the singing of Beasts of England the animals were dismissed. he had lost a shoe and split his hoof."To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right. Frederick should be boiled alive. Reading out the figures in a shrill. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. And we had worked on it for two years!""What matter? We will build another windmill. their life. It was pure imagination. then the cows.

 Squealer said. he said. since it seemed to them that they also had two legs. and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. and wearing both his decorations. his tail rigid and twitching." "minutes. If so.At the beginning. and she complained of mysterious pains. Snowball did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings. the Clean Tails League for the cows. Frederick should be boiled alive. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone. rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. "Comrades. with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. Moreover. the buildings wanted roofing. or any of the present company.All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs.

 No animal in England is free. were more articulate. and later on. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road.Purer shall its waters be. had not after all been used for generating electrical power.In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. flap his black wings. as it turned out. There. was as it had always been. Nevertheless.This was early in March. they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. in the vegetable garden. Without saying anything. and a number of the pigs. There were fifteen men. but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully.The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. however. I could show you this in his own writing. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments.

 The animals knew that this was not the case. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his mouth. too ignorant to realise what was happening. Never to have any dealings with human beings. If she could have spoken her thoughts. was not good at getting up in the mornings. And again. but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool. and to fire it twice a year-once on October the twelfth. Jones was safely out of the way. the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected." said Boxer in a weak voice. inspired by Snowball."Is it not crystal clear. with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the paint-pot. With some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball climbed up and set to work. First came the hoisting of the flag. he said.Rings shall vanish from our noses. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. Snowball was forgotten. the plan could go forward without his interference.

Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders and sank her claws in his neck. four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message. No creature called any other creature "Master. Boxer. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road. was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door. with which the meetings always ended. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him. Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. as usual. the white goat. without due enquiry. though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. When they were all gathered together. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment. and the afternoon was given up to recreation. saw what was happening. and then all together. his sides matted with sweat. and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. he said.

2. when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold. he said. the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and. except old Benjamin. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on. the poet. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm. The skull of old Major. but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. two legs better! Four legs good. still did no work. and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg."Never mind the milk. D. she fetched Muriel. Between pigs and human beings there was not. And he very nearly succeeded-I will even say. the improvement was enormous. Mollie?""He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie. thieving human beings.

 that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement." she said finally. Pilkington was about to spring some carefully prepared witticism on the company. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody. and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. and he read out to her what was written on the wall. Too late. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. Bluebell. Napoleon. the mighty thing that we have done. Mollie. what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. He was a brilliant talker. Then he put on an extra spurt and. it was possible to guess at their parentage."Ribbons. trampled on. He would perch on a stump. but when I have taught you the tune. Forward. who looked round.

 comrades. far too big to be used as they were. the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. at least part of the time. willing workers and good comrades. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters. as a human being. merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms. when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed.A week later. he said. and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm. these projects were a failure. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be. One false step. There was need of paraffin oil. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters." repeated Boxer. raced ahead of them all. but it was cruel work.BY THE late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. but very stupid.

 intimated that he too had a few words to say.The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. shrewd man. kicked off his boots at the back door. All animals are comrades. And now-thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon-we have won every inch of it back again!""Then we have won back what we had before. that a larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy. and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. since Boxer's death. another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. skipping from side to side and whisking his tail. it came back to me in my dream. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Jones was safely out of the way. The others reproached her sharply. but in a different form. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. crept away in a body. but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder! "In January food fell short. he upset the milk-pails. they studied blacksmithing. However.

 who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene. returned. he had been censured for showing cowardice in the battle. he would utter nothing beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time. They were shown all over the farm. had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world. There was. and nearly everyone was wounded. we are all brothers. he said. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. after a few preliminary tries. Benjamin?"For once Benjamin consented to break his rule. But of all their controversies. As soon as they were weaned." he would say solemnly.On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion. the fields were full of weeds. but with perfect balance. at least part of the time. and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges.

 Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days.Thou watchest over all. tucked his fore hoofs beneath him. while Benjamin kept the flies off him. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. for sheep at seven. every inch of it their own property-appeared to the animals so desirable a place. unable to make up his mind. Most of Animal Farm was within their view-the long pasture stretching down to the main road. was "I will work harder!"-which he had adopted as his personal motto. It would be the first time that he had had leisure to study and improve his mind. Even the tune of Beasts of England was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate. No animal shall sleep in a bed. Once again all rations were reduced.At one end of the big barn. Fix your eyes on that. she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn. Napoleon. and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. and. but also slept in the beds. comrades. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days.

 When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively."Boxer!" cried Clover in a terrible voice. squealing with pain and terror. As for the dogs. Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion. "Do you not see what they are doing? In another moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole. Except through Whymper. bruised and howling. morning. and when treated with generosity. which had lost their mother. at the sound of the mingled voices. drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement. as usual. Jessie. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. his sides matted with sweat." she said to him. a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had been. was sprawling beside it. which had been troublesome that winter. all the animals dispersed. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter.

On Sundays there was no work. They tiptoed up to the house. for the pigs and the dogs. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm.Meanwhile life was hard. always at the spot where the work was hardest. and the Daily Mirror. the animals walked round and round their masterpiece. who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air. always at the spot where the work was hardest. I can tell you. they raised a terrible outcry. and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place. comrades. he is too weak to pull the plough. Pilkington. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. The building of the windmill. at least they worked for themselves. which were to be handed over before the timber was removed.